最新[院校资料]x-ray衍射分析-正式4课件PPT.ppt 64页

'[院校资料]x-ray衍射分析-正式4 X-ray衍射分析方法：劳厄法单晶体λ变化，θ不变化周转晶体法单晶体λ不变化，θ变化（部分）粉末法多晶体λ不变化，θ变化2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2.8.1劳厄法于1912年由德国物理学家劳厄提出的.(2)原理：单晶体的特点是每种（hkl）晶面只有一组，单晶体固定到台架上之后，任何晶面相对于入射X-ray的方位固定，即θ角固定。（1）实验条件：连续X射线、单晶样品劳厄法连续X-ray不动晶体2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2.8.2周转晶体法（1）实验条件：单色X射线、转轴单晶样品(2)原理：采用单色X-ray照射转动的单晶体，并用一张以旋转轴为轴的圆筒形底片来记录。周转晶体法单色X射线底片2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 随着晶体转动，则某晶面与入射X-ray的夹角θ将连续变化，并在某特定位置满足布拉格关系而产生一个衍射斑点。周转晶体法单色X射线底片2d1sinθ1=λ2d2sinθ2=λ2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 （3）花样：层状规则斑点；（4）功能：测定未知晶体的晶体结构.周转晶体法单色X射线底片2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2.8.3粉末法可以分为照相法和衍射仪法。粉末法是由德国的德拜（Debye）和谢乐（Scherrer）于1916年提出的。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法如果利用得当，粉末法是所有衍射法中最为方便的方法。它可以提供晶体结构的大多数信息。粉末法是以单色X射线照射粉末试样为基础的，所谓“单色”是指X射线中强度最高的K系X射线，“粉末”可以为真正的粉末（通常用粘结剂粘结）或多晶体试样。2.8.3粉末法 2可调节样品暗盒、胶片X射线2.8.3粉末法（1）实验条件：单色X射线、粉末（多晶）样品2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2.8.3粉末法(2)原理：a.当单色X-ray以掠射角θ照射到O点处单晶体的一组晶面（hkl）时，在Bragg条件下会衍射出一条线OP，在照片上照出一个点P.如果能让这组晶面绕入射线为轴旋转，并保持θ不变，则会以OP为母线画出一个圆锥；多晶体试样衍射圆锥的形成2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 b.从实验角度来说，对一个未知的试样找到这样一组晶面，又让它绕入射X-ray稳定旋转几乎是不可能的；c.若把单晶体研成粉末，则在一定体积的粉末中有无穷多个颗粒和（hkl）晶面，因粉末颗粒在空间随机分布，处于不同的方位上，这样就使得在空间任意方位上都可以找到（hkl）晶面；2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 d.当X-ray照射到粉末试样上之后，总会有足够的（hkl）晶面满足Bragg方程，在2θ方向上产生衍射，衍射线形成像单晶体旋转似的衍射圆锥。即试样不必转动，也可在满足Bragg方程条件的任何方向上找到反射线，就像一个晶面旋转一样，衍射线分布在4θ顶角的圆锥上；多晶体试样衍射圆锥的形成2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 e.当λ一定时，对应于（H1k1L1）晶面必然有一个相应的4θ1角圆锥，同样，对应于（H2k2L2）晶面也必然有另一个相应的4θ2角圆锥；f.测定时，可将一张长条底片以试样中心围成圆筒，这样所有的衍射圆锥都和底片相交，感光出衍射圆环的部分弧段。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法入射X射线样品VIVIIIIII2122r （3）花样：同心圆环；粉末法摄照示意图2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法入射X射线样品VIVIIIIII2122r 2dsin=同心圆称为Debye环，环直径为4X，样品至底片距离2D，若X光波长已知，可计算晶面间距dhkl，进而求晶胞参数；若晶面间距dhkl已知，可计算X光波长。2样品X射线4x2D2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 最小的2(最内层)对应最大的d最大的2(最外层)对应最小的d24x2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 例：POM属六方晶系，求得d后，代入相应晶系的面间距计算公式中，得到晶胞参数。hkl4x(mm)d(Å)a(Å)c(Å)100343.864.46105552.607.6110682.234.46115891.897.82-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 （4）功能：主要用于测定晶体结构，进行物相的定性，定量分析，精确测定晶体的点阵参数，以及应力，织构，晶粒度大小等等。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 多晶体粉末的衍射花样可以用照相法记录，要解决的问题是如何得到圆锥的照片，如何测定2θ角，如何由θ角推算出圆锥所属的晶面！2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2.8.4德拜法与德拜相机（1）实验条件：单色X射线、多晶样品，胶片记录花样（2）德拜法德拜法的衍射花样2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 同一晶面族的晶面，θ一致；2dHklsinθ=λ一定；根据在底片上测定的衍射线条的位置，可以确定衍射角θ，如果知道λ的数值就可以推算产生本衍射线条的反射面的晶面间距。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 （3）德拜相机2θ=0~90°，低角线；2θ=90~180°，高角线；2θ=90°，直线；2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 （4）德拜相机德拜相机构造示意图a.金属筒—直径（内径）b.样品支架（中心轴上）c.光栏（入射孔上）d.承光管（透射处）(铅玻璃和荧光屏）57.3mm或114.6mm,其优点是底片上每1mm长度分布相当于2°或1°的圆心角。以获得平行入射的X-ray.监视入射线和试样的相对位置，吸收透射的X-ray.2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 （5）实验方法a.样品制备常用的试样为圆柱形的粉末集合体或多晶体的细棒。圆柱直径一般为0.5mm左右。大块的金属或合金可以用锉刀锉成粉末（注意不能掺入工具的粉末）。对脆性样品也可以先将其打碎，然后在玛瑙研钵中研磨而成。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 a.样品制备粉末样品制备一般经过粉碎（韧性材料用挫刀挫）、研磨、过筛（250-325目）等过程，最后粘接为细圆柱状（直径0.5mm左右），长度约为10~15mm。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法粒径过大，参加衍射的晶粒数减少，会使衍射线条不连续，但颗粒过细，会使衍射线条变宽，不利于分析. 样品制备注意事项：在筛选两相以上的合金粉末时，必须反复过筛粉碎，让全部粉末通过所需要的筛孔，混合均匀后才能制备试样，决不能只选取先通过筛孔的细粉做试验，而将粗粉丢掉，因为合金中各相的脆性不同，较脆的相较容易碾碎，先通过筛孔，而那些韧性相尚未通过。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 采用锉削或碾磨等机械方法得到的粉末具有很大的内应力，它将导致衍射线条变宽，不利于分析工作。因此，必须将粉末在真空或保护性气氛中退火以消除内应力。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法样品制备注意事项： 如果需要对合金中某些很微量的相进行分析时，则要用电解萃取等方法将这些相单独分离出来。用电解萃取方法获得的粉末要经过清洗和真空干燥后才能作为试样使用。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法样品制备注意事项： 粉末处理好之后，制成直径0.5mm、长10mm左右的的圆柱试样。制备圆柱试样常有以下几种方法。1.在很细的玻璃丝（最好的硼酸锂铍玻璃丝）上涂一薄层胶水，在粉末中滚动，作成粗细均匀的圆柱试样。2.将粉末用胶水调好填入金属毛细管中，然后用金属棒将粉末推出2~3mm长作为照射试样，余下部分连通金属毛细管作为支撑柱。3.金属细棒可以直接用来做试样。但由于拉丝时产生择优取向，因此衍射线条往往是不连续的。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法样品制备注意事项： b.参数选择靶材：Z靶≤Z样+1；滤光片：Z滤=Z靶-1，（Z<40）；管电压：(3~5)Vk,即阳极元素K系临界激发电压的3~5倍；曝光时间：0.5~十几小时2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法先根据试样选择靶材，再根据靶材选择滤光片。如拍摄钢铁材料的话：靶：Cr、Fe和Co靶滤波片：V、Mn、Fe c.胶片的安装德拜相机底片安装方法（a）正装法（b）反装法（c）偏装法（a）正装法胶片开口在2θ=0°（b）反装法胶片开口在2θ=180°（c）偏装法胶片开口在任意处，可测定有效长度2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 e.分析计算衍射弧对与角的关系式中：R——相机半径；2L——衍射弧线间距；为弧度a.对于低角线（2<90）衍射弧对，有：2L＝R·4θ=2L*180/4πR若用角度表示则结论：当相机直径2R＝57.3mm时，θ=2L/2;当相机直径2R＝114.6mm时，θ=2L/4;2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 b.对于高角线（2＞90）衍射弧对，有：2L＝R·4（为弧度）衍射弧对与角的关系若用角度表示，则有式中，＝90－。则有：θ=90°－2L′*57.3/4R结论：当相机直径2R＝57.3mm时，θ=90°-2L′/2;当相机直径2R＝114.6mm时，θ=90°-2L′/4;2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 结论：当相机直径2R＝57.3mm时，θ=2L/2;当相机直径2R＝114.6mm时，θ=2L/4;结论：当相机直径2R＝57.3mm时，θ=90°-2L′/2;当相机直径2R＝114.6mm时，θ=90°-2L′/4;因为λ已知，所以在计算出θ角之后，根据公式2dHKLsinθ=λ，可计算出每对衍射圆弧所对应的反射面的面间距dHKL，再查表可得hkl。对于高角线对于低角线2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 ※相机的分辨本领：它表示晶面间距变化时引起衍射线条位置相对改变的灵敏程度。1.相机R越大，分辨本领越高。这是利用大直径相机的优点。但是相机直径的增大，会延长曝光时间，并且增加由空气散射而引起的衍射背影。2.Θ角越大，分辨本领越高。所以衍射花样中的高角度线的Kα1和Kα2双线可明显分开。2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法 2-8.晶体对X-ray衍射的方法3.X射线的波长越长，分辨本领越高。所以为了提高相机的分辨本领，在条件允许的情况下，应尽量采用波长较长的X射线源。4.面间距越大，分辨本领越低。因此，在分析大晶胞的试样时，应尽可能选用波长较长的X射线源，以便抵偿由于晶胞过大对分辨本领的不良影响。 《跨文化交际》（专升本）辅导课件主讲：魏晓红 I.Choosetheonlycorrectanswerfromeachofthefollowing(请从下列题中选出唯一正确的答案)1.Theskillofiron-workingwasintroducedintoBritainby______.A.theCeltsB.theRomansC.theNormansD.theGermans2.ThesongthatismostprobablysungbyWelshsupportersatarugbymatchheldinWalesis________,andithasalmostbecomeanationalanthemforWales.A.GodSaveOurQueenB.AuldLangSyneC.LandofMyFathersD.MyRedRedRose3.ChristianitywasintroducedintoBritainby________.A.theCeltsB.theVirkingDanesC.theGermansD.theRomans4.TheCelticleftlittlethatcouldlaterbeincorporatedintoEnglishbecause________.A.theirlanguagehaddiedoutB.theyhadnolanguageatallC.theyhadnowrittenlanguageD.theirlanguagewasreplacedbyLatin 5.ThemostimportantMiddleEnglishpoetwas_____.A.theVenerableBedeB.GeoffreyChaucerC.JohnMiltonD.WilliamShakespeare6.TheChurchofEnglandis“established”in_____.A.thewholeofBritainB.EnglandandScotlandC.EnglandandWalesD.Englandonly7.ThePuritanswereoriginallyanextreme_____sect.A.ProtestantB.CatholicC.JewishD.Christianscientist8.WhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtoChristianbelief?A.theVirginBirthB.theResurrectionC.theHolyCommunionD.theRedCross9.Englishsenseofhumorischaracterizedby____.self-praiseB.self-confidenceC.self-deprecationD.self-exaggeration10.HumorishighlyprizedinEngland,however,theEnglishdonotlaughat________.A.one’sownfaultsB.one’sownidealsC.one’sownfailuresD.atragedy .11.ThemostobviousdifferencebetweentheworkingclassandthemiddleclassinEnglandistheir__________.AA.dressB.accentC.workD.meal112.InBritain,youcanusuallyoffermoneyto_________.AA.adriverwhogivesyoualiftBB.someonewhostopstohelpyoutomendapunctureCC.someonewhogivesyoufirstaidDD.railwayporterswhocarryyourbaggage113.IfoldpeoplearerespectedinBritain,itisbecause____________.A.oldageandsenioritycommandauthorityamongtheBritishB.moderndevelopmentneedstheexperienceofoldpeopleC.oldpeoplearefelttobeinneedofprotectionandsupportD.theyalwayskeeppacewiththetimes114.InBritain,thegreatmajorityofparentssendtheirchildrento___.AA.publicschoolB.privateschoolsCC.StateschoolsD.voluntaryschools115.InBritisheducation,boysandgirlsareusuallyseparatedin_____.AA.infants’schoolsB.juniorschoolsCCuniversitiesD.universitycolleges16.The“elevenplus”istheexaminationtakenbychildrenintheirlastyearat__________. A.A.nurseryschoolB.primaryschoolC.prepschoolD.secondaryschool17.Intheexaminationcalledthe“elevenplus”,studentswiththehighestmarksgoto_________.A.grammarschoolsB.technicalschoolsC.secondarymodernschoolsD.publicschools18.WhichofthefollowingisnotapartoftheCommonwealthofNations?A.“White”territoriesB.“Black”territoriesC.“Non-White”territoriesD.mixedterritories19.Theclimateinthe“White”territoriesis_________.A.tropicalB.temperateC.sub-tropicalD.cold20.TheBritishwenttocountrieslikeIndia,SriLankainorderto____.A.settledownB.tradeandestablishplantationsC.developdemocraticgovernmentD.spreadeducation21.IncolonialAmerica,votingwasrestrictedtowhichgroupofpeople?A.LandowningwhitesB.LandowningwhitemalesC.ThewhitepeopleD.Peopleabovetheageof18 22.WhenwastheDeclarationofIndependenceadoptedbytheContinentalCongress?A.OnJuly2,1776B.InSeptember1783C.OnJuly4,1776D.InMay177523.America’sfirsttwopoliticalpartiesinlate18thcenturywere____.A.theDemocraticandtheRepublicanB.theDemocraticandtheFederalistC.theFederalistandtheRepublicanD.theFederalistandtheLiberal24.Whenwasslaverylegallyabolished?A.In1803B.In1865C.In1863D.In177625.WhichofthefollowingstatementsofAmericans’attitudetowardreligionistrue?A.Four-fifthsofAmericansgotochurchlessthanonceamonthB.ThevastmajorityhardlyevergotochurchatallC.NearlyallAmericansareactivechurchmembersD.HalfofAmericanProtestantsareactivechurchmembers26.Churchincomescomemainlyfrom_______A.taxonpropertyB.propertyaccumulatedinthepastC.currentsubscriptionsandpaymentsbymembersD.governmentloans 27.WhichofthefollowingreligiousdemonstrationsisaverysmallbutselectgroupinAmericaA.QuakersB.RomanCatholicsC.PresbyteriansD.Unitarians28.TheBillofRightsincludesfollowingrightsexcept_______.A.freedomofreligionB.freedomofspeechC.freedomfromunreasonablesearchandarrestD.freedomtotakeothers’propertyforone’sown29.“EverydayineverywayIamgettingbetterandbetter.”WhichofthefollowingAmericanattitudesdoesnotreflectthevaluerepresentedbythestatement?A.Americans’naïvepatriotismB.faithinautomaticimprovementC.AmericanoptimismD.AmericanDemocracy30.ThreeofthefollowingarecharacteristicsoftheAmericanexceptthat________.A.heispatientB.heisadaptableC.hemaybeblunttothepointofrudenessinexpressinghisviewsD.heisintenselycompetitive 31.IntheUnitedStates,whichofthefollowingschoolsisfreeofcharge?AA.KindergartenB.PrekindergartenCC.NurseryschoolD.Daycarecenters32.Inordertoattendcollege,ahighschoolstudentmust_________.AA.passthecollegeentranceexaminationBB.haveagoodhighschoolrecordandtestscoresCC.beamemberoffraternitiesorsororitiesDD.passTOEFLexamination33.Americanuniversitiesofferthreemaincategoriesofgraduatedegrees.Theyarethefollowingexcept_____________.AA.PH.DdegreeB.Master’sdegreeCC.Degreesfromprofessionalschoolsinmedicine,dentistry,andlawDD.Bachelor’sdegree34.SinceWorldWarII,oneofthemostdramaticdevelopmentsinhighereducationhasbeen______.AA.theever-risingcostBB.theenormousincreaseinthenumberofstudentsCC.theestablishmentoffraternitiesandsororitiesDD.footballbusinessoncampusesB 35.IntheUnitedStates,inabout3millionhouseholds,oneparentisabsentasaresultofthefollowingexcept________.A.divorceB.deathC.separationD.desertion36.“Godgivesusourrelatives,thankGodwecanchooseourfriends”reflects_______.A.bloodisthickerthanwaterB.AmericansaregratefultoGodforcreatingfriendsforthemC.TherearevariousconflictsandtensionsbetweenfamilymembersD.Americansmakesomanyfriendsthattheyforgetaboutthefamily37.ThefirstAmericanThanksgivingwashostedby_________.A.theIndiansB.thePilgrimsC.theSpanishsettlersD.theFrenchsettlers38.WhichofthefollowingtraditionscamefromEngland?A.TheChristmastreeB.ChristmascardsC.ThepoinsettiaD.Exchanginggifts39.WhichofthefollowingtraditionscamefromGermany?A.theChristmastreeB.ExchanginggiftsC.SantaClauseD.SendingChristmascards 40.IntheUnitedStatesThanksgivingDayfallson______.AA.December,25thBB.ThefourthThursdayinNovemberCC.ThefirstTuesdayinNovemberDD.July,the4thII.Choosethecorrectanswersfromthefollowing.Therearemorethanonecorrectchoices.(下列选题有多个正确答案)41..ThetwolargestislandsoftheBritishIslesare______________.A.BritainB.GreenlandC.IrelandD.VikingLand42.TheholybookofChristianityconsistsof___________.A.theOldTestamentB.theLongTestamentC.theshortTestamentD.theNewTestament43.TheTrinity,accordingtotheChristiandoctrine,referstothethreeaspectsofthesameoneGod,_________________.A.GodB.JesusC.theHolySpiritD.theBible44.WhichofthefollowingisconsideredcharacteristicsoftheEnglishman?A.ReservedB.suspiciousofchangeC.shyofstrangersD.tough 45.WhichofthefollowingarecharacteristicsofthePuritans?A.theyarestrictteetotalersB.theybelieveinplainfoodandplainclothesC.theyarehonestD.theyapproveofworkingontheSabbath46.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutthereligioninBritain?A.TodayonlyaminorityofpeoplegotoanykindofChurchregularly.B.Todaythechurch-goersareimmoralinonewayoranother.C.MostofthelargemajoritywhodonotgotoChurchstillbelieveinGodandHeaveninaconfusedway.D.ItismostuncommonforaBritontobeconvertedtoMuslimorBuddhistfaith.47.ThethreeofthefollowingarecharacteristicsofOpenUniversity,whatarethey?___________A.ItisopentoeverybodyB.Itisnon-residentialC.LecturesarebroadcastonTVandradioD.Nouniversitydegreeisawarded48.InBritain,thereareatthistimetwosystemsforsecondaryschool schooling,____________.A.theselectiveB.thepublicC.thecomprehensiveD.theprivate49.Whichofthefollowingbelongtothe“Non-White”territories?A.IndiaB.PakistanC.SriLankaD.NewZealand50.Whichofthefollowingstatementsareright?A.Theinhabitantsinthe“White”territoriesarewhollywhite.B.Theinhabitantsinthe“White”territoriesspeakEnglishastheirmothertongue.C.TheBritishhaveneversettledinthe“Non-White”territoriespermanentlyD.TheinhabitantsintheMixedterritoriesareallnon-British.51.WhichofthefollowingaretheauthorsoftheConstitution?A.ThomasJeffersonB.BenjaminFranklinC.GeorgeWashingtonD.JamesMadison52.WhichofthefollowingaremajorreligiousgroupsintheUnitedStates__________.A.theProtestantsB.RomanCatholicsC.theOrthodoxChurchesD.theJewishChurch53.About40millionAmericanschangeresidenceseveryyearbecauseofthefollowingreasons__________. AA.theneedforbiggerorsmallerlivingquartersasfamilysizechangesBB.thedesiretostartanewlifeinanewplaceCC.deterioratingpollutionaroundtheircommunitiesDD.jobopportunities54.ShiftingpopulationintheUStendstoaffectAmericansinthreeofthefollowingways___________.A.AmericansbecomerootlessB.AmericansbecomemoreandmoreisolatedC.PersonalrelationshipsbecomeshallowD.CommunitywelfarebecomesmoreandmoreinterestingtoAmericans55.WhichofthefollowingbelongtoconsumerrightslistedbyPresidentKennedy?A.therighttobeinformedB.therighttosafetyC.therighttochangeD.therighttobeheard56.WhichofthefollowingexistinAmericanuniversities?AA.professionalschoolsB.undergraduateschoolsCC.grammarschoolsD.graduateschools 57.ThemonetaryassistancefortheAmericanstudentswithlimitedfundsincludes___________.A.part-timejobsB.loansC.scholarshipsD.tuition58.IntheUS,atypicalfamilygroupthatoccupiesonehouseholdconsistsof_________.parentsB.grandparentsC.cousinsD.theunmarriedchildren59.ChristmasDayiscelebratedfor___________.A.    A.regretB.thebirthofJesusChristC.happinessD.thearrivaloftheNewYear60.ThetraditionalChristmascolorsare________.whiteB.redC.blueD.greenIII.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementistrue(A)orfalse(B)判断正（A）误（B）61.TheScottishHighlanderconsidershimselfthe“true”Scot.HisnationaldressistheKilt.A.TrueB.False62.TheancestorofthemodernEnglishlanguageisOldEnglishofAnglo-Saxon.A.TrueB.False63.ThespeechpatternsoftheBBCannouncersrepresenttheeducatedmiddle-classpeople.A.TrueB.False64.TheauthorsofTheKing’sEnglishweretheFowlerbrothers.A.TrueB.False 65.ThegeneralBritishbelieveinBuddhism.A.TrueB.False66.Theonlywidespreadnon-ChristianreligioninBritainisthatoftheJews.A.TrueB.False67.TherealmeasureofsuperstitionisfearA.TrueB.False68.ThemiddleclassinBritainconsistsofwell-to-dobusinessmenandscientists.A.TrueB.False69.Britishhabitsofpolitenessareonthewholeveryinformal.A.TrueB.False70.Eton,HarrowandRugbyinBritainarethethreeworld-famouspublicschools.TrueB.False71.ThetwowidelyadmiredfeaturesofOxfordandCambridgearethecollegesystemandthetutorialsystem.A.TrueB.False72.InCommonwealth,Whiteterritoriesprovidedthegreatestproblemsofall.A.TrueB.False 73.TheneedforincreasedtradeanderrorinnavigationledtoColumbus’discoveryofAmerica.A.TrueB.False74.ThomasJeffersonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.A.TrueB.False75.InSweden,mostpeoplehardlyevergotochurchatall.A.TrueB.False76.ThenationaladvertisingintheUScreatednationaltastesinconsumergoods.A.TrueB.False77.ThesenseofhumorisstillanimportantpartoftheAmericancharacterthathascomefromtheimmigrants.A.TrueB.False78.AllAmericans’childrenareoffered12yearsoffreepubliceducation.A.TrueB.False79.AmericansgivethanksonThanksgivingDayfortheblessingstheyhaveenjoyedduringthepastyears.A.TrueB.False80.TheblackshasthelargestpopulationintheUS.A.TrueB.False VI.Fillingtheblank(填空)1.ThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomis______________.2.Thetwoverydifferentpassionsthathavedevelopedfromthehard-workinglivesoftheWelshare_________and______.3.ThewholeofIrelandwascolonizedbyEnglandintheyearof_________,butwaspartitionedintheyearof____________.4.TherootsoftheEnglishlanguagegobackto_________.5.WiththeNormaninvasionledbyWilliamtheConqueror,_____becametheofficiallanguageofEngland.Thecommonpeople,however,continuedtospeaktheirown______language.6.BBCwasfoundedintheyear_______,itsmottowas____________.7.JesusChristwasmiraculouslyconceivedbyavirginnamed_____.8.AllthenonconformistsectsinBritainagreeontheessentialsof_______,buthavedifferentmethodsoforganizationorformsofservice.9.PricePhiliponcesaidthat________is“God’sgreatestgifttomankind”.10.OneofthebiggestbarriersofsocialequalityinEnglandisthe_______educationsystem.Tohavebeentoa“publicschool”immediatelymarksyouasoneofthe______class.11.EverychildinBritainmustbylawreceivefull-timeeducationfromtheageof______to_______.1. 12.InBritain,theschoolsrunbytheStateisofficiallycalled______.13.InBritain,theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersconsiderablyfromthatofthejuniorschool,sinceitsmaintargetisnotthe‘elevenplus’,butthe________examinationatageof13,foradmissiontoa“_________school”.14.ThetwooldestuniversitiesinBritainare______and______.15.InBritain,theuniversitywithfarmorestudentsthananyotherBritishuniversityis__________.16.TheCommonwealthofNationscontainsthreegroupsofterritoriesasfollows:______,________and_______.17.InCanadathetruenativepeoplearecalled___________and_________,inAustraliathetruenativepeopleare_____________,andinNewZealandtheyarecalled_________________.18.TheauthorbelievesthatthefundamentaldifficultyintheracialrelationsinBritainis__________.___________simplyworsensthesituation.19.Thebasicprobleminthemixedterritoriesisnot___________but__________.20.Theinhabitantsinthemixedterritoriesarepartly_____andpartly________.21.TheheadofCommonwealthis______________. 22.ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonyintheAmericaswasfoundedat_________in___________.23.ThefirstshotoftheAmericanWarofIndependencewasfiredat___________onApril19,1775.24.ThefirstgroupofEnglishcolonistsfoundawaytoearnmoneybygrowing____________,whichtheybeganshippingtoEnglandin1614.25.In1620,agroupofPuritans,called________,crossedtheAtlanticintheship_________andsettledatPlymouth,Massachusetts.26.Toensureindividualliberties,___________wasaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.27.___________inAmericaruledthatreligiousinstructioninpublicschoolswasagainsttheConstitution.28.Overthree-fifthsofallAmericansare____________;andthelargestsinglegroupisthatof___________.29.ThetwoProtestantdenominations,__________and___________arebynowconsideredaswhollyAmericanwithoutanyparticularEnglishassociations.30.Thereare_______peopleintheUnitedStatesanditisthe_____largestnationintheworld. 1.31.ThebasicrightsofeveryAmericancitizensoutlinedinthefirsttenamendmentsincludefreedomof_________,freedomof________,andfreedomfrom____________.232.“Allmenarecreatedequal”,thisfamousstatementappearedin________.3.33.Theconsumerisconcernedaboutaccomplishingtwogoals:______and______.4.34.Thosethatprotestedagainst_______receivedthemostalarmingattentioninthe1960s.5.35.Americansareaccusedofbeing______,becauseoftheirtremendousexpendituresforgoodsandservices,butactuallytheyare,onthewhole,_______.6.36.IntheUS,classesofstudentsaredividedinto_______academiclevelscalled___________.7.37.Theinstitutionsthatofferonlyundergraduatecoursesarecalled__________,thosethathaveundergraduate,graduate,andprofessionalschoolsarecalled________.8.38.Collegestudentsmustmaintainatleastalow______averageinordertoremaininschool.39._______isthecollegesportwhichstirsupthemostnationalinterest.2.40.Oneofthemostcommoncausesofquarrelsinfamilyis_________.0 1.41.Lessthan______ofAmericansliveonfarms.2.42.TheAmericansocietyworships_________,sotheelderlyareoftenignored.3.43.Thefirstformalagreementforself-governmentinAmericawas__________.4.44.ThetypicalfoodforatraditionalThanksgivingdinneris______and_____.5.45.ThanksgivingDayfallson__________,andChristmasfallson______.6.46.Peoplewhosharesimilarphysicalfeaturesaresociallydefinedasa_______;thosewhoshareculturalpatternsaresociallydefinedasan_______;anygroupofpeopleotherthanthedominant“WASP”groupisa_______.7.47.ThelargestAsianAmericangroupsintheUSare______and_____.8.48.NamethreeaspectsoftheculturalheritagekeptbyChineseAmerican:______,________and_________.49.ItisbelievedthattheU.S.A.servesasa________inwhichdiverseracesandculturesareblended.50.AsianAmericansareconcentratedin______and________.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsinbrief(简要回答). 1.1.WhatisStandardEnglish?(Partone,Chapter3,WhichEnglish?)2.2.WhyhasEnglishreligiondeclinedinBritainduringthepresentcentury?(Partone,Chapter7,ReligionandBeliefs)3.WhatisEnglishsportsmanship?(Partone,Chapter8,CharacterandManners)4.4.WhatdoM.A.,B.A.andB.ScstandforinBritain’sUniversities?(Partone,Chapter9,Education)5.5.PleaseexplainthecolorproblemsinBritain.(Partone,Chapter12,TheCommonwealth)6.6.PleaseexplaintherelationshipbetweenreligionandeducationintheUS.(Parttwo,Chapter5,Religion)7.7.WhatisAmericanDream?(Parttwo,Chapter6,TheAmericanCharacter)8.8.WhyistheAmericancultureregardedaschild-centeredone?(Parttwo,Chapter8,AmericanFamilylife)9.9.WhyisAmericacalled‘themeltingpot’?(Parttwo,Chapter10,RaceandEthnicRelations)10.PleasetalksomethingabouttheChinatownsinAmerica.(Parttwo,Chapter10,RaceandEthnicRelations) 1.1.TheEnglishusedbyGeoffreyChaucerwasthatof_____;andithadastrong______accent.AA.London,LatinB.Scotland,FrenchCC.Wales;ScandinavianD.London,French2.AllShakespeare’sworksarein_________.AA.    OldEnglishB.MiddleEnglishC.ModernEnglishD.Latin3.3.ThegreatestsingleinfluenceoftheshapingoftheEnglishlanguageinmoderntimesis________.A.the“pop”revolutioninthe1960sB.thenumerousincreaseintravelC.AmericanEnglishD.theFrenchlanguage4.     TootherEuropeans,thebestknownqualityoftheBritish,andinparticularoftheEnglish,is______.AA.reserveB.ModestyC.senseofhumourD.sportsmanship5.     WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheEnglishclasssystem?AA.    ItisanembarrassingsubjectforEnglishpeople.BB.    Working-classstudentscannotreceiveauniversityeducation.CC.    Theclasssystemismuchlessrigidthanitwas.DD.    Theclasssystemstillexistsbelowthesurface. 6IfastudentwantstogotouniversityinBritain,hewilltaketheexaminationcalled_______.A.theCertificateofSecondaryEducationB.theOrdinaryleveloftheGeneralCertificateofEducationC.theAdvancedleveloftheGeneralCertificateofEducation.D.thecommonentranceexamination7.PublicschoolinEnglandareusuallyattendedbythosewhoseparentsare______A.richB.politicallyconservativeC.bothrichandconservativeD.liberal8.About_____ofincomeofBritishuniversitiesisprovidedbythestate.A.one-quarterB.halfC.three-quartersD.one-third9.TheCommonwealthis________.A.    anastonishingmixtureB.averystrictorganizationC.vanishinggraduallyD.becomingstrongerandstronger10.MostAmericanregionaldistinctionhavebeenerasedbythefollowingexcept____A.    thepioneeringspiritB.moderntransportationC.communicationD.massproduction.'