最新四级写作技巧综合版ppt课件PPT课件 61页

'四级写作技巧综合版ppt课件 CET-4写作考试常识1.命题范围2.大纲要求3.评分标准4.写作体裁 一．对立观点型论说文常用句型点明主题常用的句式1．…hasbecomeahottopicamongpeoplerecently.Opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.2.Thereisanargument/muchdisagreement/noconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleconcerning/over/asto/on…3.Nowadays,peoplearedividedonthequestionastowhether…4.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/perspectiveson….5.Whenbeingaskedabout…,Differentpeoplewillofferdifferentanswers.6.Thereisapublicdebate/discussion/controversytodayabouttheproblemof…7.Theissueofwhetherornot…hasbeenwidelyargued/debatedcurrently.next 具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式Somepeoplesuggest/maintain/holdtheopinionthat…/But/However/While/Nevertheless/Yetotherpeopleholdadifferentpointofview…Somepeopleareinclinedtothinkthat…Onthecontrary/Incontrast,therearestillmanypeoplewhowon’tagree,andtheyclaim…Whenitcomesto…somepeoplethink/believethat…whileothersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thosewhocriticize/opposeto/objectto…arguethat…Butpeoplewhoadvocate/favor…,ontheotherhand,maintain/assertthat…Nowitiscommonly/generally/widely/universallythought/accepted/believed/heldthat….ButIwonder/doubtwhether…Tothegeneralpublic/popularmind,…Butdespite/inspiteof/…Istillbelieve….Nowadays,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpeoplethinkthat…Nevertheless,therearestillsomepeopleoftheopinionthat…一．对立观点型论说文常用句型next 陈述自己观点的常用句式Formypart/Astome/AsfarasIamconcerned,I’dliketoagreetotheformer/myfavorgoestothefirstview.Iagreetothelatteropiniontosomeextent.I’minfavorof…/I’monthesideof…Inmyopinion,bothsidesarepartlyright.Whenwe…weshouldtakeintoconsiderationallaspectsoftheproblemsandthenmaketherightdecision.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but…一．对立观点型论说文常用句型back 二．问题解决型论说文结构模式1．描述情况（问题）……分析原因……我的对策或看法2.提出问题……分析各种解决方法……结论next 引出话题的常用句式1.Nowadays,…hasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.2.Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleareconcernedabouttheproblem…3.Although…hasbroughtconveniencetous,manypeoplehavebeguntorealizethatitisthesourceoftroubleaswell.4.Recently,theriseinthephenomenonof…hasdrawn/aroused/capturedworldwideattention.5.Recently,theissue/problem/questionof…hasbeenbroughtintofocus/broughttopublicattention/posedamongpublicattention.6.Inrecentyears,manycities/nations/peoplehavebeenfaced/troubledwiththeseriousproblemof….7.Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.8.Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplecometorealize/beawareoftheimportanceof….9.ThankstoChina’sreformandopening-uppolicy,thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedgreateconomicdevelopmentandsocialtransformation.10.Withtherapid/amazing/fantasticdevelopment/growth/improvementofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplacein….11.Oneoftheurgent/pressingproblems/issuesweareconfrontedwithisthat…12.Itisundeniable/Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…hasbecometheutmostconcernamongpeoplenowadays.13.Onceinanewspaper,Ihitupon/cameacrossareporterthat….二．问题解决型论说文常用句型next 二．问题解决型论说文常用句型分析原因的常用句式1.Herearemany/several/anumberof/avarietyofreasonsforit.First….Second…Finally….2.Thereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Foronething,…Foranother…3.Whathaspossiblycontributedtothisproblem?Inthefirstplace…Inthesecondplace….4.Perhapsthemain/primary/mostimportantreasonis…5.…isalso/partly/solely/chieflyresponsiblefortheproblem.6.Itisnoeasyjobtoidentifythereasonfor…whichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactors.Forsome…Forothers…7.Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor/leadto/contributeto/resultin/beconductiveto…8.Thisproblemmayresultfrom/beattributableto/belargelydueto/stemfromacombinationoffactors.9.Theexplanationforthisphenomenoninvolvesmanycomplexreasons.Foronething,…Foranother…10.Somepeoplemaythinkthat…istoblameforthisproblem,butitscausesgostill/fardeeper.11.Itwillexertafar-reaching/profoundimpact/influence/effecton…12.Admittedly,itmaycreate/giveriseto/bringaboutahostofproblems.13.Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisphenomenon.next 二．问题解决型论说文常用句型提出解决方法的常用句式1.Thefirstkeyfactortosolvethisproblemis…Anotherkeyfactoris…2.Peoplehavefoundmanysolutions/approachestodealingwiththisproblem.3.Wecanfigureoutmanywaystorelievethepresentcrisis.4.Then,howshouldwesolvethisproblem?Herearesomesuggestions,whichmaybeofsomehelp.5.Facedwith..,weshouldtakeaseriousofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.6.Itishightimethat….Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthemeasuresthatmightbetakenimmediately.7.Obviously,ifweignore/areblindtothisproblem,thechancesarethat/itismostlikelythat/thereiseverychancethat…willbeputinjeopardy.8.Weneedtotakeafresh/clearlookatthismatter/situationinanewperspective/fromawiderstandpoint.Otherwise,wewon’tcomeanywherenearsolvingit.9.Itisessential/indispensablethatproperactions/effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoreversethissituation/trend.10.Itishoped/suggestedthatconsiderable/greateffortsshouldbedirectedto/focuson…11.Thereisnoeasy/immediatesolution/approachtotheissueof…,but…mightbebeneficial/helpful.12.Noeffective/simplesolutioncanbeathand/insighttoresolve/tackletheproblemof…Butthegeneralawarenessoftheimportanceof…mightbethefirststepintherightdirection.back 三.说明利弊型论说文结构模式描述某一现象(事物)……分析其优点……分析其缺点……我的态度或看法（最好给出相应的理由或者提出更好的方法以减少某现象可能带来的负面效应.）next 三.说明利弊型论说文常用句型说明事物优点的常用句式1.Thereareseveraladvantagesin/of..Thefirst/biggestadvantagesisthat…2.Nothing/Fewthingscanequal/matchwith/becomparedwith…intermsof…3.Forall/Inspiteof/Despitethedisadvantages/sideeffects,ithasitscompensatingadvantages/beneficialeffects.4….hasapositiveimpact/influence/effectonpeople’slives.5….isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpeople’slives.next 三.说明利弊型论说文常用句型说明事物缺点的常用句式1.However,…,justlikeanythingelse,hasitsnegativesideaswell.2.Ofcourse,thedisadvantagescannotbeignored.3.However,itstillhassomedrawbacks.4.However…,justaseverythinghastwosides,…alsohasmanydisadvantages.5.However,mayalsocause/bringabout/leadto/resultin/contributetosomeproblems.6.However,it’softenblamedforitsobviousdefects.7.Everythinghastwosides,…isnoexception.8.Astheproverbgoes,everycoinhasitstwosides/nogardenwithoutitsweeds/everymedalhasitsreverse.….isnoexception.9.However,thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent/obvious/evident.Tobeginwith,…Tomakemattersworse,...Worstofall,…10.Thesideeffects…hasexertedonhumanbeingscanbeboileddowntoseveralmajoronesasfollows.First,…Second,…Inaddition,….next 三.说明利弊型论说文常用句型说明事物利大于弊的常用句式1.Astome,Ithinktheadvantagesoutweigh/carrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.2.Anyway,Istillbelieve…hasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.3.Butforme,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.4.Theadvantagesof/derivedfrom…faroutweigh/aremuchgreaterthanthedisadvantages/problems…entails(带来,使成为必要).back 四.阐述主题型论说文的结构模式1)格言成语:揭示蕴意…..以例证展开论证…..结论(号召或建议)2)一种现象….分析其中原因……我的看法(前景预测或评价)3)引出主题…..我的观点…..总论其常用句型参考前三种类型的常用句型back 论说文---图表作文图表作文的写作方法1．仔细观察研究图表内容，包括图表的文字说明部分和图表中的具体数据部分，以弄清图表所试图反映的趋势、问题或现象。2．在充分领会图表信息的基础上，结合标题和其题目要求构思文章布局。一般来说，图表作文均可采用这样的标准结构：第一段：描写数据的主要趋势，对数据进行比较分析，总结归纳图表所呈现的主要特征。第二段：分析揭示图表表象后面的原因。第三段：下结论 Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowPeopleSpentTheirHoliday.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow.Year199019952000Traveling37%51%76%Stayingathome63%49%24%1．上图所示为了1990年，1995年、2000年某城市人们度假方式的情况，请描述其变化；2．请说明发生这些变化的原因；3．得出结论。next范文--- HowPeopleSpentTheirHolidaysAscanbeseenfromthetable,thepastdecadehavewitnesseddramaticchangesinthewaypeoplespenttheirholidaybetween1990and2000.In1990,63%ofpeoplespenttheirholidaysathome,whilethefiguredroppedconsiderablyto24%in2000.Itisobviousfromthetablethatpeopletendedtobemoreandmoremobile,andtheywantedtogetentertainmentintheoutsideworld.Whatcontributedtothesechanges?Ithinkthereasonsareasfollows.Tostartwith,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,peopleearnbyfarmoremoneythantheyusedto.Thus,peopleareabletoaffordtravelingexpenses.Secondly,Peoplethinkitimportanttogetwell-informedabouttheoutsideworldinthisnewerawheneverythingisonthemove.Traveling,ofcourse,isasurewaytoachievethisgoal.What’smore,inthiscompetitivesociety,peopleareusuallyundergreatstress.However,itisnotdifficulttofindtravelinganeffectivewaytorelievepeople’sstressandgetrelaxation.Lastbutnotleast,bytravelingoutside,peopleareclosetonature,whichisnotonlybeneficialtoboththeirhealthandpeaceofmind.Inconclusion,peopleprefertogotravelingratherthanstayathomeduringholidaysforacombinationofreasons.Moreover,itseemsthatthistrendwilllastintheforeseeablefuture. 应用文1．综观历年四、六级写作考试总的趋势是应用性增强，考生有必要熟悉这一应用文文体的写作，尤其是书信作文的写作。2．常见的书信类投诉信、询问信、道歉信、感谢信、邀请信、求职信、求学信和推荐信。3.注意书信格式英文书信通常包括六个部分：Heading（信头），InsideAddress（信内地址），Salutation（称呼），BodyofLetter（信的正文），ComplementaryClose（结束语），Signature（签名）。 称呼对不相识的男子，单数常用Sir,DearSir,或MyDearSir；复数常用DearSirs或Gentlemen。对不相识的女士，单数常用Madam,DearMadam,或MyDearMadam；复数常用Mesdames或MyDearMesdames。对比较熟悉的男子，一般称DearMr...即可；对比较熟悉的女士，一般称DearMrs(或Miss)...即可。熟人和亲人之间通信，可用下列称呼（按亲密程度排列）：DearDavid;MydearDavid,DearestDavid,MydearestDavid,Mydearest,DarlingDavid,Mydarling,Myveryowndarling等。有头衔的可把头衔缩写放在名字前，如Prof.Wang,Dr.Liu,等信的正文称呼下方隔一二行处开始写正文。写信与写文章一样，要分段写，每段有一个中心思想，内容表达清楚，语言简单明了，态度诚恳礼貌。给亲友的信还应该亲切热情。书信格式 结束语结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二三行处，从中间写起，第一个词的开头字母要大写，末尾用逗号。给机关团体或不相识的人可用：Yourstruly或Trulyyours    Yoursfaithfully或Faithfullyyours    Yourssincerely或Sincerelyyours给上级或长者的信可用：Yoursrespectfully或Respectfullyyours    Yoursobediently或Obedientlyyours    Yoursgratefully或Gratefullyyours给一般熟人或朋友的信可用：Yours,Yoursever,Everyours,Yoursasever,或Yourssincerely给亲属或挚友的信可用：Yoursaffectionately,Lovinglyyours,Yourlovingson(child,sister...),或Yoursdevotedfriend签名即写信人署名，写在结束语下面偏右处。书信格式 DearMr.President,I’mveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butI’mafraidI’mnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoubtedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishes,butalltheyearround,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesamefoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly,thepriceisabittoohigh.Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecan’tenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thesesuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontooursuggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.Bestwishes,LiMing模板 Cet-4写作应试技巧一、写作的几个基本步骤二．高分作文技巧布局谋篇遣词造句 写作的几个基本步骤1、审题。（以2011.6为例）2．构思。在草稿纸上写下所能想到的观点和关键词，然后认真筛选。3.选择合适的框架之后动笔行文4．检查修改。 审题（2011.6）OnlineShopping1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2.网上购物有好多好处，但也有不少问题3.我的建议第一段，现象阐释。（简练）第二段，从利弊两方面讨论网购。写作模式：网购优点（主题句+支撑句）+网购缺点（转折句+支撑句）+总结句第三段，从网购还存在的问题考虑提出建议。（网购不能看到实物，法律规范网上购物欺骗行为等方面给建议） 检查修改（1）单词拼写和句式表达是否正确（2）字母大小写和标点符号是否正确。（3）主谓是否一致以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性如何。（4）指代使用是否准确（5）动词形式，涉及时态、语态、语气等。（6）避免词性混用，包括形容词与副词、名词与动词、形容词与动词等。（7）句式是否有变化。（8）每一段话是否都紧扣文章的主题，是否都得到了充分的展开。（9）文章是否连贯，是否使用了过渡性词语，句子之间和段落之间是否都具有逻辑性和条理性。 高分作文技巧---布局谋篇1）整洁的卷面和漂亮的书写。2）字数要达到最低要求。作文字数控制在120―150词。不要认为写得越长，分数就越高。有时候甚至会适得其反。3）结构要完整，脉胳要清晰。四级作文要写出一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到4—5分，如果写了2段最多也只能得到6—7分。所以作文的框架和书写是让老师给你一个不错分值段的关键之关键。4）避免低级错误。高分作文技巧 段落特征1．段落的一致性它要求一个段落只能阐述一个主题思想。换主题或讨论、阐述问题的另一方面时，必须另起一段。段落的一致性主要在于段落主题句和扩展句在意义上的统一，段落中所有内容必须与段落主题思想有关，段内各句都必须支持、发展或服务于段落的中心思想，任何与主题无关的句子，哪怕是美妙的句式结构、名言绝句也必须舍弃，否则会破坏段落的一致性。2．段落的连贯性段落的连贯性指的是段落中的句子安排要符合一定的条理和逻辑顺序，而且句子与句子之间衔接要紧密，过渡要自然、流畅，只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白作者在说什么。反之，如果条理不清、思维紊乱，则会破坏段落的连贯性。获得段落的连贯性的方法主要有两种：1）按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排细节（主要有按时间顺序、空间顺序、一般与具体顺序、重要与非重要顺序四种）；2）使用恰当的连接手段。一个段落在结构上有三个主要的组成部分：1.主题句2.扩展句（支持句）3.总结句（结尾句）。高分作文技巧 1.写好主题句的要点1）主题句必须是一个完整的句子，而不是短语.A)Worriesaboutpopulationpressure.(残缺句)B)Worriesaboutpopulationpressurearefarfromnew.（完整句）Howtodriveacar.(X)Anyonecanlearnhowtodriveacar.(√)A)Fiveeasystepsinchangingatire.(X)B)Therearefiveeasystepsinchangingatire.(√)高分作文技巧 1.写好主题句的要点2）主题句必须紧扣文章的主题。POLLUTION1.Pollutionisbecomingmoreseriousallovertheworld.Partofthisproblemistheworld"sexplodingpopulation.Agrowingpopulationundoubtedlymeansmorefactoriespollutingtheair.Besides,landandwaterpollutionhasalsoincreased.Pollutionis,infact,threateningourhealth,ourhappiness,andourverycivilization.2.Peoplearenowshowingarealconcernoverthisproblem.Scientistsareurgingthatdrasticsolutionbeworkedoutbeforeitistoolate,andthepublicaredemandingthatgovernmenttakefirmactionagainstpolluters.Theearthisourhomeandwemusttakecareofit--forourselvesandforthenextgeneration.3.Fortunately,measureshavebeentakentocopewiththesituation.First,manycountriesaremakingeffortstobringdownthebirthrate.Also,newlawshavebeenpassedtoexercisestrictcontrolsoverindustrialpollutants.Inaddition,moresewagetreatmentplantsarebeingbuilt,andnewpollution-controldevicesdeveloped.Doingallthiswillenableustohaveacleanerworld.高分作文技巧 1.写好主题句的要点3）主题句要内容具体主题句若概括面太宽，则会使段落主题含糊不清以致很难用一段话讲清楚。因此，主题句一定要考虑段落所能阐述的限度，做到主题突出。如：Takeninmoderation,alcoholisratherharmlessandisevenbeneficialinrelievingfeelingsofstress.该句具体，表达了如果喝酒适量，那么它并不有害，相反，有时甚至有利于减轻压力。若将takeninmoderation去掉的话，涵盖的面也略显得大了一点。主题句不能含糊其词，令读者费解，产生误解。如“Theemphasis(?)hasnotalwaysbeenthesame.”这个句子就不适合做主题句，因为它没有表达一个清楚的主题思想。但我们如果将这句话改为Theemphasisonproducingwealthandmaintainingahighstandardoflivinghasnotalwaysbeenthesame.高分作文技巧 1.主题句的写作技巧1.表示人的名词或代词做主语的句子Collegestudentsshouldtakepartinsocialpracticeandgettoknowtheworld.Peopletakepartinrecreationalactivitiesbecauseofseveralreasons.Webenefitalotfromdoingparttimejobs.YoungpeopletodayarebadlyinfluencedbyTV.2.表示物的名词做主语的句子Informationplaysanindispensableroleinmodernlife.Diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess.Sportsbenefitpeopleinmanyways.Recreationalactivitiesfallintotwomajortypes.3.用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语Owningaprivatecarisveryconvenient.Keepingpetscanleadtosomeproblems.Studyingabroadbenefitsstudentsinmanyaspects.4.用“There+be+名词”句型来写主题句Thereareseveralreasonswhyweshoulddeveloptheindustryofprivatecars.Thereareinnumerableadvantagesofkeepingpets.Therearediversesolutionstothehousingprobleminbigcities.Thereareeffectivemeasuresthatwecanadopttodealwiththeissueofrisingcrimerate.5.用Itis+Adj.+forsb.todosth.句型Itisbeneficialforcollegestudentstotakepartinvarioussocialactivities.Itisnecessaryforustogettoknowaboutthesociety.Itisdesirable/advisableforyoungpeopletogoabroadtostudy. 2.扩展句特点扩展句是段落主题句的延伸和发展，对主题句的中心思想或者举例说明，或者解释或论证。具体特点如下：清晰详实扩展句不可言之无物，而要具说服力，绝不可只考篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。条理分明必须条理分明、脉络清晰，先说什么，后说什么，应有个合理的安排,一步步地论证叙述主题。在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词为宜。高分作文技巧 2.写好扩展句的要点１、避免写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走题。主题句通常带有一些关键词，这些关键词对全段内容起着主导作用，而一个段落中的扩展句都必须紧紧围绕这些关键词对该段的主题内容进行扩展，切忌写一些与主题内容毫不相关的句子，破坏段落意义的统一。　　例如：Herearethedirectionstogettomyhousefromyours.YouwalktwoblocksnorthandthenturnrightonAdamsStreet.WalkanothertwoblockstoThirdStreet.Mysister,whogotmarriedlastyear,livesatthecornerofAdamsandThird.Then,turnleftonThirdStreetandwalkuntilyouseeadirtroadwithayellowhouseonthecorner.Thatismyhouse.Mysister,whogotmarriedlastyear,livesatthecornerofAdamsandThird这一句显然与主题内容毫不相关，应该删掉。高分作文技巧 2.写好扩展句的要点２、用举例或者例证的方法来扩展主题句。例如：若以“Myparentslookandbehavelikeeachother”为主题句，下列哪些句子可以用作例证来说明主题句？1)Theybothlikenatureandtheoutdoorsandarefondofwalking,gardening,andswimming.2)Myfatheriseightyearsolderthanmymotherandtallerandthinner.3)TheynevergettiredoflisteningtoChinaopera.4)Bothofmyparentshavedarkhairandblackeyesandbothhavelowvoicesandgentlepersonalities.5)Theybothbelieveingivingtheirchildrenloveandresponsibility,andneitheronebelievesinpunishingachildphysically.6)Mymotherisquieterthanmyfatherandtalksmuchlessthanhedoes.7)Theyarebothinterestedinreadingandmusic.8)Mostofthetimetheyareinagreementonbringinguptheirchildren.由于主题句是"Myparentslookandbehavelikeeachother"，扩展句应该从"长相（look）"和"行为举止（behave）"这两个方面通过例证来说明我的父母是"很相似（likeeachother）"的,而句子２和６却列举出了我父母的"不同"之处，背离了"likeeachother"的主题，所以应该删去。高分作文技巧 2.写好扩展句的要点３、段落里的句式应多样化,避免全用简单句，应交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。这样能够使文章语言流畅，富有特色，不至于显得句子结构千篇一律，单调乏味，缺乏生气。　　例如：Iwillneverdriveacaragain.Ihadanaccidenttoday.IwasdrivingupFourthAvenue.Isawabrightyellowcar.Itwasdrivenbyalittleoldlady.Sheobviouslydidnotseethestopsign.Icouldnotstopintime.Sheranrightintome.尽管该段落中的每个句子意思都对，而且没有任何语言错误，但是由于全部用简单句组成，读后令人乏味，称不上一个好段落。如果我们把它改为Iwillneverdriveacaragain.IhadanaccidenttodaywhenIwasdrivingupFourthAvenue.Isawabrightyellowcarwhichwasdrivenbylittleoldlady.Sheobviouslydidnotseethestopsign,andIcouldnotstopintime.Sheranrightintome.这样一改，使全段变成了"简单句＋复合句＋复合句＋并列句＋简单句＋简单句"的结构，各句的联系密切多了,读后效果也好多了。高分作文技巧 2.写好扩展句的要点４、扩展句的排列必须符合事物发生时间的先后顺序。下面这段的句子顺序混乱，需重新排列：Thenweturnedleft.Togettothemuseum,westartedoffbytakingthesubwayto79thStreet.Suddenly,rightinfrontofuswasthebeautifulbuildingwewerelookingfor!Whenwegotoffthesubway,wewalkedfourblocksupLexingtonAvenue.Afterturningleft,wewalkedwhatseemedtobeanendlessdistance.经过按时间的先后顺序重新组合句子后，全段就通顺易懂了：Togettothemuseum,westartedoffbytakingthesubwayto79thStreet.Whenwegotoffthesubway,wewalkedfourblocksupLexingtonAvenue.Thenweturnedleft.Afterturningleft,wewalkedwhatseemedtobeanendlessdistance.Suddenly,rightinfrontofuswasthebeautifulbuildingwewerelookingfor.高分作文技巧 2.写好扩展句的要点５、正确使用过渡词。过渡词的作用是衔接句子和句子（或者段和段），用以表示上下句（段）之间的关系和语气。如果句子和句子之间不使用过渡词，就使上下句之间的关系显得不明确，意思不连贯，读后令人感到别扭。请看下面两个句子：1.Heforgottherewasatesttoday.Hefailed.2.Heateawholepie.Hegotsick.Hewenttoseeadoctor.如果我们加上适当的过渡词，上下句的意思就通顺得多了：1.Heforgottherewasatesttoady.Consequentlyhefailed.2.Hegotsickbecauseheateawholepie.Asaresult,hewenttoseeadoctor.more表示举例说明的过渡语Forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,Let’stake…asanexample.Take…forexample.…isatypicalexampleof……isatypical/propercaseinpoint.表示递进关系的过渡语Inaddition,furthermore,moreover,besides,also,what’smoreNotonly,butalso,similarly,…isalsoafactor.表示比较和对比的过渡语Similarly,inthesameway,unlike,like,likewise,equallyimportant;Incontrast,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,incomparison,onthecontrary,contraryto,whereas,while,conversely,…differ/varygreatly/vastlyfromdifferentfrom表示因果关系的过渡语Becauseof,onaccountof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,for,because,since,as,forthisreasonTherefore,so,asaresult,consequently,inconsequence,accordingly,hence,thusThereasonswhy/for…are/liein……resultsin……resultfrom…表示结论的过渡语Tosumup,toconclude,tosummarizeInsum,insummary,inconclusion,inall,inaword,inshort,inbriefSo,therefore,thusWecancometotheconclusionthatAconclusioncanbereachedthat表示转折的过渡语Though,although,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,eventhough/evenifLet’slookattheothersideofthecoin.Aseverythinghastwosides,weshouldnotneglecttheothersideofthecoin.Justastherearetwosidesofacoin,thenegativeaspectof…cannotbeoverlooked. 2.扩展句的写作方法1）例证法(exemplification)Thereisnothinghardintheworldforpeoplewithastrongwill.Atask,nomatterhowdifficult,canbeaccomplishedifapersonmakesuphismindtodoit.TakeRomeasanexample.ItisknownthatRomewasnotbuiltinaday.Beforeshewasbuilt,herfoundershadsufferedagreatdealofseverehardship,buttheyneverlosttheirfaithandeventuallysucceededintheirefforts.Columbus,whodiscoveredAmerica,isanotherexampleofstrongdetermination.Inspiteofdefeatandaffliction,hewentforwardandsucceededbecauseofhissinglenessofpurposeandperseverance.表示例证的方法forexample,forinstance,asanexample,foratypicalexample,suchas,soon.Let’sillustrate,show,prove…withthefollowingexample.Let’stake…asanexampleanexample,aninstance,a(typical)caseinpointmore 2.扩展句的写作方法2）列举法(listing)Attendingschoolsabroadhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,studentscanlearnadvancedknowledgeofscienceandtechnologyfromtheadvancedcountries.Inthesecondplace,schoolsabroadcanprovidestudentswithabettercircumstancetolearnforeignlanguagesandmakethemgraspthemmorequickly.Furthermore,whilestudyingabroad,youngstudentscanlearntobecomeindependentanddevelopall-roundabilityinordertoadapttotherealityofsociety.more表示列举的方法Firstofall/Aboveall,secondly,moreover…Inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,furthermore/what’smoreTobegin(start)with,secondly,inadditionForonething,foranotherthing,forstillanotherthing 3.结尾句结尾句可以是对该段落主题思想的再认识和肯定。一个段落中，主题句是伏笔，扩展句是具体的叙述和说明，而结尾句则进一步加强和证实该段的主题思想，以引起读者的重视。1．重申主题句法2．总结（结论）法3．发表个人看法，总结全文4．反问结尾法5．引言结论法6．提倡议号召（喊口号）法高分作文技巧InmyopinionPersonally,Ithink/believeItakethepositionthatIhold/taketheattitudethatAsfarasIamconcernedWereitlefttometodecidemoremoremoreInconclusion/Toconclude/Inall/Allthingsconsidered/Tosumup/Havingtakenallthefactorsintoconsideration,Don’tyouthinkitisnecessaryforusto…?Don’tyouthinkitishigh/abouttimethatwedidsth?Don’tyouagreewithmyidea/opinionthat…?Let’sjoinintheeffortstodo…Let’ssparenoeffortstodo…Let’stakeeffectivemeasurestodo…Let’stakeimmediateactionstodo…Let’stakepracticalstepstodo…more 遣词造句---句子写作原则一、要写完整的句子1．避免残缺句1）误用非谓语动词的残缺句a.Billworkingasifhislifedependedonthattheme.(x)b.Billhadbeenworkingasifhislifedependedonthattheme.(√)2)独立从句的残缺句a.Thereisstillsomelikelihoodofnotsucceedinginpassingtheexam.Althoughhetriesveryhard.(x)b.Thereisstillsomelikelihoodofnotsucceedinginpassingtheexamalthoughhetriesveryhard.(√)3)举例说明的残缺句a.Ilookforwardtoholidays.Forexample,ThanksgivingandChristmas.(x).b.Ilookforwardtoholidays,forexample,ThanksgivingandChristmas.(√)4)以who,that和which引起的从句残缺。a.Therearesomepeople.Whothinkthatoneshouldnothesitatetosayno.(x)b.Therearesomepeoplewhothinkthatoneshouldnothesitatetosayno.(√)高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则2．避免错误的省略不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。省略会出现句子不完整的现象，影响读者理解。错误地省略部分谓语，会使句子结构失去平衡。a.Therearenotsufficientbrandsforstudentstochoose.(x)b.Therearenotsufficientbrandsforstudentstochoosefrom.(√)a.ThesuggestionyoumadeismorefeasiblethanMarymade.(x)b.ThesuggestionyoumadeismorefeasiblethantheoneMarymade.(√)高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则3.避免连写句当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成了连写句（有的也称为融合句）。改正这种句子可以用以下五种方法：1)中间用句号使各句子独立。a.Therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,weshouldnotreadthem.(x)b.Therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind.Weshouldnotreadthem.(√)2)如果两个句子意思联系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头。a.Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelledaswell.(x)b.Theexamwaspostponed;theclasswascancelledaswell.(√)3）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列连词and,but,or,for,nor,yet,so等连成并列句。a.Tomdecidedtostopsmoking,hedidn’twanttodieofcancer.(x)b.Tomdecidedtostopsmoking,forhedidn’twanttodieofcancer.(√)4)可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词because,when,while,since,eventhough,assoonas,but,while和if等变成从句。a.Andyforgotthetimehemissedthefinalexam.(x)b.BecauseAndyforgotthetime,hemissedthefinalexam./Andymissedthefinalexambecauseheforgotthetime.(√)5)根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上consequently,therefore,likewise,furthermore,nevertheless或moreover等连接词和逗号。a.Thehouseistoosmallforafamilyoffour,itisinabadcondition.(x)b.Thehouseistoosmallforafamilyoffour;furthermore,itisinabadcondition.(√).高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则二、句子要符合规范1.要注意英汉两种语言的差异性。首先要将主谓语确立下来，不管多么复杂的句子，只要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来汉语的语序.2.句子的一致性关系.句子的标志是具有主谓结构，而主谓必须保持一致。充当谓语的动词总是无一例外地表现出人称、数、时态、语态、语气五个特点。a.Somebodyholdthatoneshouldreadselectively.(x)b.Somebodyholdsthatoneshouldreadselectively.(√)a.Manystudentscomplainedthatthecanteenserviceisterriblyawful.(x)b.Manystudentscomplainedthatthecanteenservicewasterriblyawful.(√)a.Thecomputerisreportedinthenewspapertohavedevelopedsinceitsadvent.(x)b.Thecomputerisreportedinthenewspapertohavebeendevelopedsinceitsadvent.(√)a.Noconclusionshavearrivedatsofar.(x)b.Noconclusionshavebeenarrivedatsofar.(√)a.Itishightimethatthegovernmenttakeseffectivemeasurestoprotectourenvironment.(x)b.Itishightimethatthegovernmenttookeffectivemeasurestoprotectourenvironment.(√)高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则3.主次分明，从属得当重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表达，或由其它修饰结构或伴随状语来表达；同等重要的思想出现在相同的语法结构中，否则会主次不分，内容混乱。a.Themeetinghavingbeenbroughttoaclose,nofurtherdiscussionarose.(x)(该句的因果关系不合逻辑)b.Nofurtherdiscussionarising,themeetingwasbroughttoaclose.(√)a.Theproposalbeingregardedasfeasible,allthingsareconsidered.(x)（该句的条件和结果关系不合乎逻辑）b.Allthingsconsidered,thisproposalisregardedasfeasible.(√)高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则三、句子要简洁明了1.避免使用空洞、多余的词。通常单个的词就足以表达整个空洞的短语所表达的意义，在这种情况下，要用单个的词来代替。a.Thecomputer,asanewinnovation,inthelastcentury,leadstodramaticchangesinpeople’slives.b.Thecomputer,asaninnovation,inthelastcentury,leadstodramaticchangesinpeople’slives.2.避免过多地使用并列句过多地使用并列关系，即盲目地把几个主要分句都用并列连词连接在一起，会使读者感到单调乏味，也无法表示分句之间的适当关系。改正这样的句子时，可采用主从分句、修饰性短语以及同位语等。避免过多地使用从句高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则四、句子要灵活多变在英语写作中，不要老是使用“主—谓—宾”或“主—系—表”结构。为了不使句子平淡无味，使读者生厌，不妨使用以下几种变换句式的方法。1.以there开始的句子来表示存在TherehasbeenagooddealofcontroversyastowhetherPCgamesshouldbeenprohibited.2.以数词和量词开始的句子来引起特别的注意Severalfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenacompanyhiresanemployee.3.以介词来开始句子Indiscussingthisproblem,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.4.以although,if,when,while,nowthat等引导的从句开始a.Ifanyoftheseexplanationsturnsouttobecorrect,manshouldtakeintoconsiderationeffectivemeasurestocontrolthenumberofprivatecars.b.Aslongastheschoolmakesupitsmindtoimprovethissituation,thiswilldedefinitelybeneficialtostudents.高分作文技巧 遣词造句---句子写作原则四、句子要灵活多变5.当主语过长或者需要强调时，可以使用it开始的句子e.g.Itdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetherthismethodwillbeadoptedornot.6.以副词或短语开始句子e.g.Unfortunately,anumberofmoreseriousproblemsremaintobesolved.7.为使句子多样化，可以使用反问句或设问句Forwhatreasondoyouthinkitshouldbeimportant?8.用非谓语动词来变换句式a.Allthingsconsidered,itisratherrationalforustoreachsuchaconclusion.（独立主格结构）b.Whenmakingadecisiontocompletelygiveupsmoking,oneshouldhavesufficientdetermination.（分词作状语）C.Motivatedbyhiswords,studentshaveregainedtheirconfidenceinthemselves.（分词作状语）高分作文技巧 实战真题2011年6月18日四级作文真题及范文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofOnlineShopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:现在网上购物已成为一种时尚网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题我的建议现象分析利弊讨论问题解决OnlineShopping改错版升级版标准版 Nowdayswithfastdevelopmentandincreasingpopularofthehightechnology，shoppingontheinternethasbeenbecomeafashionamongtheyoungstudents.Onlineshoppingcanmakeourlifemoreconvenienceandeasy.Suchas,shoppingontheinternetcansavestudentstimeonthewaybetweenhomeandstore,sotheyarebeabletohavemoretimeandenergytogivefortheirstudy.Theinternetreallyhavecutthedistancebetweenmanufacturersandconsumers,sowecanevenbuyforeigngoodsinothercountries.Intheotherhand,withoutfacetofacedealmakeonlineshoppinglesstrust.What’smorethedeliverymaybemakegoodsbroken.Inmyopinion，shoppingontheinternetwillbemorepopularinthenearfuture.Andatthesametimeweshouldtakesomeactionstomakeitmorebetter. DuetotheInternet,shoppingisnolongeratiringthing.Justclickyourmouseandchoosewhatyoulike,thenthepurchaseisdone.Youdon"tevenhavetostepoutoftheroom.Itseemsalleasyandconvenient.However,people"sopinionsvaryonthistrend.Somebelievethatonlineshoppingistimeandmoneysaving.Withplentifulselectionoptions,theycanbuywhatevertheylikeatanytime.Stillothersinsistthatmis-purchasingaloneisannoyingenough,nottomentionthecredibilityofthesellersandthesafetyoftheiraccounts.Inmyopinion,theconvenienceandexcitementofonlineshoppingisbeyondalldoubts.Inthemeantime,wemustalwaysbearinmindthatcertaintrapsdoexist,sowe"dbettermakesurethesellersaretrustworthybeforebuying.Inaddition,weshouldalsoguardourselvesfromthepotentialhackerswhomightstealouraccountinformation. Withtheeverrapiddevelopmentofinternettechnology,onlineshoppingiscomingintoanewfashion,whichhasarousedwidespreadconcernathomeandabroad.ThereisnodenyingthatthiskindofpracticehasgainedincreasingpopularityparticularlyamongtheyouthsAdmittedly,onlineshoppingfunctionsasadouble-edgedsword,possessingbothmeritsanddemerits.Ontheonehand,comparedwiththetraditionalshoppingmode,onlineshoppingisundoubtedlymoreconvenientandtime-saving.Customersdon’tneedtogettotheshoppingmallandscrambleforthegoods,butjuststayingathomeandclickingthemouse.Inaddition,morechoicesareavailable,forthegoodsonlinearenotconfinedtoacertaincountryoranarea.Ontheotherhand,onlineshoppingisn’tinvariablypleasant.Customersmayeasilybecheatedwhenpurchasingonline.Toillustrate,itisverylikelythatthedescriptionoftheproductsdoesn’tgowithwhattheyreallyare.Henceitmakesonlineshoppinglessreliableandtrustworthy.Itisundeniablethatshoppingontheinternethasbecomeanirresistibletrendinmodernsociety.It"sofgreaturgencythatweneedtoregulatetherelativelawsaccordancewiththerapidgrowthofonlineshopping.Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureandconvenienceofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingtreated. 战术回顾语言准确与其犯错不如简单结构清晰主题句分项论点表达升级起承转合从句分词主被动转换肯否定转换基础同义词替换 Practicemakesperfect！ 结束语谢谢大家聆听！！！61'