英美概况课件PPT测试题及课后练习答案PDF 刘白玉封丽丽主编 978 7 81134 751 7 英国部分Chapter 3.ppt 67页

'CHAPTERTHREEBritishPolitics 1.FamousQuotationIfyouleadacountrylikeBritain,astrongcountry,acountrywhichhastakenaleadinworldaffairsingoodtimesandinbad,acountrythatisalwaysreliable,thenyouhavetohaveatouchofironaboutyou.—MargaretThatcher 2.NewwordsRoyalPrerogative:皇家特权Prorogue:vt.todiscontinuethemeetingsof(alegislativebody)使(议会)休会—TheParliamentwasproroguedtothetenthofFebruary.国会休会到2月10日。 2.Newwordsbackbencher:后排议员whip:n.amemberofalegislativebody,suchastheU.S.CongressortheBritishParliament,chargedbyhisorherpartywithenforcingpartydisciplineandensuringattendance.组织秘书，政党纪律委员（英国和美国的政党中负责确保本党党员出席政府重大辩论并投票的官员）gotothecountry:解散议会重新选举下议院,举行大选 2.Newwordsecclesiastical:adj.oforrelatingtoachurch,especiallyasanorganizedinstitution.基督教的;(与)教会(有关)的suffrage:n.Therightorprivilegeofvoting;franchise（政治性选举的）选举权,投票权courtoffirstinstance:一审法院（庭） 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:GeneralIntroductionTheMonarchy2.1OriginoftheMonarch2.2ConstitutionalRoleTheParliament3.1TheHouseofLords3.2TheHouseofCommonsTheBritishGovernment4.1TheCabinet4.2ThePrivyCouncil4.3ThePrimeMinister 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:TheGeneralElection5.1OriginoftheMonarch5.2Timing5.3Post-electionPoliticalParties6.1TwoMajorParties6.2MinorPartiesTheJudicialSystem7.1TheSeniorCourts7.2SubordinateCourts7.3CountyCourts7.4Jury 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:GeneralIntroductionTheMonarchy2.1OriginoftheMonarch2.2ConstitutionalRoleTheParliament3.1TheHouseofLords3.2TheHouseofCommonsTheBritishGovernment4.1TheCabinet4.2ThePrivyCouncil4.3ThePrimeMinister 3.BriefIntroduction1.GeneralIntroductionKeypointsThepoliticsoftheUnitedKingdom—ConstitutionalmonarchyMonarch—StateHead;PrimeMinister—GovernmentHeadExecutivepower;legistiativepowerandindependentjudiciaryTwoMajorParties—theConservativePartyandtheLabourParty;Westminstersystem—CurrentlywidelyadoptedwithinthecountriesmadeupoftheBritishEmpire 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:GeneralIntroductionTheMonarchy2.1OriginoftheMonarch2.2ConstitutionalRoleTheParliament3.1TheHouseofLords3.2TheHouseofCommonsTheBritishGovernment4.1TheCabinet4.2ThePrivyCouncil4.3ThePrimeMinister 3.BriefIntroduction2.TheMonarchyKeypointsBritishmonarchy—IncludingUnitedKingdomanditsoverseasterritoriesThepresentmonarch—ElizabethII,reignedsinceFeb2,1952 3.BriefIntroduction2.TheMonarchyKeypointsTheexecutiveauthorityoverthegovernmentisbythemonarch’sRoyalprerogativeTheroyalprerogativeunderlawslegislatedbyParliamentorconventionandprecedent 3.BriefIntroduction2.1TheOriginoftheMonarchyKeypointsTheMonarchyoriginatesbeforetheNormanConquestin1066ThecontinuitybrokenonlyonceduringtheCivilWar(1642-1649)from1649-1660whenEnglandcalledacommonwealth 3.BriefIntroduction2.1TheOriginoftheMonarchyKeypointsRestoredin1660;CharlesI’ssonenthronedFormallyestablishedthroughGloriousRevolutionin1688;limitedconstitutionalmonarchy 3.BriefIntroduction2.2ConstitutionalRoleKeypointsTheMonarchistheceremonialHeadofStatePrerogativepowers—onlyexercisedonthePrimeMinister’sadvice;ThemonarchmustacceptthedecisionsofthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinet 3.BriefIntroduction2.2ConstitutionalRoleKeypointsTheRoyalPrerogative—appointordismissministers,regulatethecivilservice,issuepassportsdelcarewarormakepeace,directtheactionsofthemilitaryandetc.TheQueenseemsverypowerful,butinrealitysheisonlyafigure-head. 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:GeneralIntroductionTheMonarchy2.1OriginoftheMonarch2.2ConstitutionalRoleTheParliament3.1TheHouseofLords3.2TheHouseofCommonsTheBritishGovernment4.1TheCabinet4.2ThePrivyCouncil4.3ThePrimeMinister 3.BriefIntroduction3TheParliamentKeypointsTheBritishParliamentisthesupremelegislatureofthecountryConsistingofthreeelements:themonarch,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons 3.BriefIntroduction3TheParliamentKeypointsTheprimaryfunctionisthemakingoflaw,thecontrolofthepublicrevenueandtheexaminationfofgovernmentofgovernmentpolicyandpublicadministrationTheofficialheadoftheparliamentistheQueen 3.BriefIntroduction3.1TheHouseofLordsKeypointsTheHouseofLordsisthesuccessortothehistoricalGreatCouncil,whichwasanadvisorybodytoservethekingTwokindsoflords:theLordsSpiritualandtheLordsTemporalTheHouseofLordsdoesnotcontrolthetermofthePrimeMinisteroroftheGovernment. 3.BriefIntroduction3.1TheHouseofLordsKeypointsTheHouseofLordsdebateslegislation,andhassomepowertoamendorrejectbillsThehouseofLordsisthehighestcourtintheUnitedKingdomhearingcivilandcriminalappealsfromthelowercourts.TheproceduresoftheLordsaremoreinformalthanthoseoftheCommons,andtheirroleinsavingtheCommonsagreatamountoftimeiswidelyrecognized. 3.BriefIntroduction3.2TheHouseofCommonsKeypointsAlsoknownastheLowerHouseiswheretherealpowerlies651seatstotally,distributedamongthefourcountries:524forEngland,38forWales,72forScotland,and17forNorthernIrelandEach“MemberofParliament”(MP)ischosenbyasingleconstituencyaccordingtotheFirst-Past-the-Postelectoralsystem 3.BriefIntroduction3.2TheHouseofCommonsKeypointsThepartywhichwinssufficientseatsatageneralelectiontocommandamajorityofsupportersintheHouseofCommonsisaskedtoformthegovernmentbytheQueenThepartywhichwinsthesecondlargestnumberofseatsbecomesknownastheOppositionThemainfunctionoftheHouseofCommonsislaw-making 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:GeneralIntroductionTheMonarchy2.1OriginoftheMonarch2.2ConstitutionalRoleTheParliament3.1TheHouseofLords3.2TheHouseofCommonsTheBritishGovernment4.1TheCabinet4.2ThePrivyCouncil4.3ThePrimeMinister 3.BriefIntroduction4TheBritishGovernmentKeypointsBritishgovernmentisthesupremeadministrativeinstitutionwhichmanagesstateaffairs;ThecabinetisthecoreofleadershipoftheBritishgovernment 3.BriefIntroduction4TheBritishGovernmentKeypoints“Government”and“cabinet”meandifferentthings;“government”isthecollectivenameforalltheministersandjuniorministers,plusfourlegalmembersandabouttwelveministerialwhips.The“Cabinet”is,ontheotherhand,madeupofthePrimeMinister,theLordPresidentofthePrivyCouncil,theheadsofthemostimportantDepartmentsandafewministerswithoutportfoliosTheBritishgovernmentcanbedividedintotwoparts—centralgovernmentandlocalgovernment 3.BriefIntroduction4.1TheCabinetKeypointsThenucleusoftheGovernmentisknownastheCabinetwhichiscomposedofthePrimeMinisterandheadsofthemostimportantdepartments;thePrimeMinisterwillchooseheadsofthedepartmentsandasktheMonarchtoappointthemaccordingly 3.BriefIntroduction4.1TheCabinetKeypointsACabinetmembermustbeeitheramemberoftheHouseofLordsoramemberoftheHouseofCommonsInallmatterstheCabinetactsasaunit.Itistheso-calledCollectiveResponsibilityofCabinetgovernment 3.BriefIntroduction4.1TheCabinetKeypointsWheneverithappensthattheGovernment’simportantpolicyfailstopasstheHouseofCommons,theCabinethastoresigninabodyandtheOppositionPartywillformanewgovernment.ThePrimeMinistermayalsoaskthemonarchtodissolvetheexistingParliamentandorderanewelection.Thisistheso-called“GototheCountry”:toaskthepeopletomakethedecision. 3.BriefIntroduction4.2ThePrivyCouncilKeypointsHistorically,UK’sseniordecision-makingbodyDuties:meetingtoapprovedecisionsthathavebeentakenelsewhereandmakingappointmentstoofficesofthecrown.Itcanexerciseexecutive,legalandlegislativepowersincertaincircumstances 3.BriefIntroduction4.2ThePrivyCouncilKeypointsTotallyhas550members,includingallcabinetmemberspastandpresent,theleadersofallthemainparties,theSpeaker,Archbishops,seniorjudgesandsomeotherimportantpublicfigures—usuallyonlyahandfulcalledforeachmeetingThePrivyCouncilcanexercisetherighttoenshrineinlawexecutivepoliciesindependentlyoftheparliamentaryprocess 3.BriefIntroduction4.3ThePrimeMinisterKeypointsThepoliticalleaderoftheUnitedKingdomandtheHeadofHerMajesty’sGovernment 3.BriefIntroduction4.3ThePrimeMinisterKeypointsThePrimeMinisterleadsamajorpoliticalparty,commandsamajorityintheHouseofCommons(theLegislature),andistheleaderoftheCabinet(theExecutive)ThePrimeMinisterguidesthelaw-makingprocesswiththegoalofenactingthelegislativeagendaofthepoliticalpartyheleadsThePrimeMinisterholdspoweroverthedeploymentanddispositionofBritishforcesandthedeclarationofwar 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:TheGeneralElection5.1OriginoftheMonarch5.2Timing5.3Post-electionPoliticalParties6.1TwoMajorParties6.2MinorPartiesTheJudicialSystem7.1TheSeniorCourts7.2SubordinateCourts7.3CountyCourts7.4Jury 3.BriefIntroduction5TheGeneralElectionKeypointsFivetypesofelections:UnitedKingdomgeneralelections,electionstodevolvedparliamentsandassemblies,electionstoEuropeanParliament,localelectionsandmayoralelections 3.BriefIntroduction5TheGeneralElectionKeypointsUnitedKingdomgeneralelectionsaretheelectionsheldwhentheMembersofParliament(MPs)formingtheHouseofCommonsareelectedCandidatesaimtowinparticulargeographicconstituenciesintheUK.EachconstituencyelectsoneMPbythefirstpastthepostsystemofelection.Thepartywiththemostseats,i.e.themostMPs,usuallyformsthegovernment,andthesecondlargestpartyformsHerMajesty’sOpposition 3.BriefIntroduction5.1EligibilityKeypointsMustbeacitizenoftheUK,theRepublicofIreland,orofaCommonwealthcountrylegallyresidentintheUK18yearsoldoroveronthedateoftheelectioniseligibletovoteNoteligibleifcurrentlyamemberoftheHouseofLords,imprisonedforacriminaloffence,mentallyincapableofmakingareasonedjudgment,anundischargedbankrupt,orhavebeenconvictedofcorruptorillegalpracticesinconnectionwithanelectionwiththepreviousfiveyears 3.BriefIntroduction5.2TimingKeypointsAgeneralelectionisheldinBritaineveryfiveyears,asthemaximumtermofaparliamentisfiveyearsThewholeoftheUnitedKingdomisdividedinto650electoraldistricts,calledconstituencies.Eachconstituencyhasapproximatelyanequalsizeofpopulation,usuallyabout60,000votersandelectsonemembertotheHouseofCommons. 3.BriefIntroduction5.3Post-electionKeypointsPollscloseat10p.m.andthevotesare,inmostconstituencies,countedimmediatelyTheearliestresultsaredeclaredbyabout11p.m.,withmosthavingbeendeclaredby3or4a.m.;someconstituenciesdonotdeclaretheirresultsuntilthefollowingday 3.BriefIntroduction5.3Post-electionKeypointsThemajoritypartyformsthegovernment;ForthecurrentPrimeMinister,ifamajorityinthenewParliamenthasbeenachievedbytheirparty,thereisnoneedforreconfirmationorreappointmentbytheMonarch.Ifamajoritynotachieved,thePrimeMinistersubmitsaresignationtotheMonarch.TheMonarchthencommissionstheleaderofthenewmajoritypartytoformanewgovernment 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:TheGeneralElection5.1OriginoftheMonarch5.2Timing5.3Post-electionPoliticalParties6.1TwoMajorParties6.2MinorPartiesTheJudicialSystem7.1TheSeniorCourts7.2SubordinateCourts7.3CountyCourts7.4Jury 3.BriefIntroduction6.1TwoMajorPartiesKeypointsPriortothemid-19thcenturypoliticsintheUnitedKingdomwasdominatedbytheWhigsandtheTories;Notmodernparties,onlyloosealliancesofinterestsandindividualsWiththeevolvementtillthemiddleofthe19thcentury,theWhigswasrenamedtheLiberalParty;theToriesrenamedtheConservativeParty 3.BriefIntroduction6.1TwoMajorPartiesKeypointsTheConservativePartyandLiberalPartydominatedthepoliticalsceneuntilthe1920s.TheLiberalPartywasfinallyreplacedbythenewlyemergingLabourParty;Since1922,theConservativeandLaborPartieshavedominatedBritishpolitics,andhavealternatedingovernment. 3.BriefIntroduction6.1TwoMajorPartiesKeypointsTheConservativePartygetssupportupper-middleclassesTheLaborPartygetssupportfromabout20%oftheupper-middleclass,halfofthemiddle-class,and60%ofthemanualworkers 3.BriefIntroduction6.2MinorPartiesKeypointsTheSocialDemocraticPartyisanewpartywhichwasfoundedbyagroupofleadersfromtheLaborPartyonMarch26,1981,whodefectedbecausetheythoughtthepartywasbecomingtooleftwingTheLiberalPartyTheCommunistPartybuiltupbysomeMarxistgroupsonJuly21,1920 3.BriefIntroductionOutline:TheGeneralElection5.1OriginoftheMonarch5.2Timing5.3Post-electionPoliticalParties6.1TwoMajorParties6.2MinorPartiesTheJudicialSystem7.1TheSeniorCourts7.2SubordinateCourts7.3CountyCourts7.4Jury 3.BriefIntroduction7TheJudicialSystemKeypointsTheUKhasthreedistinctsystemsoflaw:Englishlaw,NorthernIrelandlawandScotslawTheJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil,comprisingthesamemembersastheAppellateCommitteeoftheHouseofLords,isthehighestcourtofappealforseveralindependentCommonwealthcountries,theUKoverseasterritories,andtheBritishcrowndependencies 3.BriefIntroduction7TheJudicialSystemKeypointsThelawasawholeconsistspartlyofstatutesorActsofParliamentandpartlyofcommonlawmadeupofpastdecisionsofjudges,andcustom,andpartlyofequityThesystemoflawisalmostthesameinEnglandandWales,butsomewhatdifferentisScotlandandNorthernIreland 3.BriefIntroduction7.1TheSeniorCourtsKeypointsTheSeniorCourtsComprisesthefollowingcourts，CourtofAppeal，HighCourtofJusticeandCrownCourtTheCourtofAppealdealsonlywithappealsfromothercourtsortribunals.TheCourtofAppealhastwodivisions:theCivilDivisionandtheCriminalDivision 3.BriefIntroduction7.1TheSeniorCourtsKeypointsTheHighCourtofJusticefunctionsbothasacivilcourtoffirstinstanceandacriminalappellatecourtforcasesfromthesubordinatecourts.Itconsistsofthreedivisions:theQueen’sBench,theChanceryandtheFamilydivisionsTheCrownCourtisacriminalcourtofbothoriginalandappellatejurisdictionwhichinadditionhandlesalimitedamountofcivilbusinessbothatfirstinstanceandonappeal 3.BriefIntroduction7.2SubordinateCourtsKeypointsThemostcommonsubordinatecourtsinEnglandandWalesaretheMagistrates’Courts,FamilyProceedingsCourts,YouthCourtsandCountryCourtsTheMagistrates’Courtshandlesminorcriminalcases,aswellascertainlicensingapplications 3.BriefIntroduction7.2SubordinateCourtsKeypointsYouthcourtsdealswithoffendersagedbetweentheagesof10and17inclusiveFamilyProceedingsCourtshearFamilylawcasesincludingcarecasesBoththeYouthCourtsandtheFamilyProceedingsCourtsarenotopentopublic 3.BriefIntroduction7.3CountryCourtsKeypointsCountyCourtsareconstitutionalcourtswithapurelyciviljurisdictionCountycourtshavedivorcejurisdictionandundertakeprivatefamilycases,careproceedingsandadoptionsCountyCourtsarelocalcourtsinthesensethateachonehasanareaoverwhichcertainkindsofjurisdiction--suchasactionsconcerninglandorcasesconcerningchildrenwhoresideinthearea--areexercised 3.BriefIntroduction7.4JuryKeypointsInEnglandandWalesjurytrialsareusedforcriminalcases,thejuryconsistsoftwelvejuror(betweentheagesof18and75)incriminalandcivilcases;inScotland,fifteenincriminalcases,twelveincivilcasesintheHighCourtofJusticeandsevenincivilcasesintheCountyCourt 3.BriefIntroduction7.4JuryKeypointsThejury’sjobisdecidingwhethertheaccusedpersonisguiltyorinnocentinthelightoftheevidence.Theyhavenohandindecidingonthe“sentence”whichisuptothejudgesJurytrialshavebeenincreasinglyregardedasexpensive,time-consuming,andanachronistic 4.ExercisesQ1:Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?TheQueenholdsmeetingsofthePrivyCouncilTheQueenreceivesreportsofcabinetmeetingsinherweeklysessionswiththePrimeMinisterTheQueenmusttakesideswhenadisputearisesintheCabinetTheQueenisinformedandconsultedoneveryaspectofnationallife 4.ExercisesQ2:HowoftendoestheGeneralElectiontakeplace?AtleasteverythreeyearsAtleasteveryfouryearsAtleasteveryfiveyearsAtleasteverysixyears 4.ExercisesQ3:WhyaresomanypartymemberselectedtoParliamentineachElectioninBritain?BecausepartymembersusuallyenjoybetterreputationBecausepartymembershavemoreexperienceinformingagovernmentBecausepartymembershavethebackingofnationwideorganizationsBecausepeopletrustpartymemberstoagreaterdegree 4.ExercisesQ4:Theexecutivepowerisinthehandsof___.ParliamentTheHouseofCommonsTheCabinetheadedbythePrimeMinisterTheQueen 4.ExercisesQ5:TherealcentreofpowerinParliamentis___.TheQueenTheHouseofCommonsTheHouseofLordsTheCabinet 4.ExercisesTrueorfalse1)TheQueenisnottheheadoftheChurchofEngland.2)IftheCabinetlosesitsmajoritysupportinParliament,itcancontinueitsterm.3)Thesupremelaw-makingauthorityinBritainistheParliament.4)ThepowerofHouseofLordsisverylimited:theycannottouchmoneybills,andtheycanonlyholdupbillsforhalf-year.5)TheSpeakerpresidesoverthemeetingintheHouseofCommonsandhebelongstothegovernmentparty. 4.ExercisesFillinblanks1)ThepresentmonarchofBritainis________,herroleismainly___________.AGeneralElectiontakesplaceatleastevery________years.IneachGeneralElection,_________membersofParliamentareelected.2)ParliamentinBritain,strictlyspeaking,consistsofthreeelements:________;_______;and_______.3)TheHouseofLordshasaspecial_________function.Itservesas_______. 4.ExercisesFillinblanks4)Britain,unlikeFranceandtheUSA,hasno______constitution.5)TheleaderofthepartywiththelargestnumberofmembersreturnedtotheHouseofCommonsbecomes______.Heisinvitedby________toformaGovernment.ThepartywiththenextlargestnumberofsupportersintheCommonsbecomestheofficial____totheGovernment. 4.ExercisesExplainthefollowingterms1)TheBritishConstitution2)PartysysteminParliament3)TheHouseofLords4)TheHouseofCommons5)PrivyCouncil 4.ExercisesAnswerthefollowingquestions1)WhatistheroleoftheMonarchyintheBritishgovernment?2)WhatdoestheCabinetconsistof?3)WhatdoesthecollectiveresponsibilityofCabinetgovernmentmean?4)WhataretheresponsibilitiesoftheCountyCouncilandtheDistrictCouncil? 5JoyfulMomentThePerfectSon.A:Ihavetheperfectson.B:Doeshesmoke?A:No,hedoesn"t.B:Doeshedrinkwhiskey?A:No,hedoesn"t.B:Doesheevercomehomelate?A:No,hedoesn"t.B:Iguessyoureallydohavetheperfectson.Howoldishe?A:HewillbesixmonthsoldnextWednesday. 60.Mr.Positive1.Ifamanwouldmovetheworld,hemustfirstmovehimself.2.Defeatisnottheworstoffailures.Nottohavetriedisthetruefailure.'